LEUKEMIA

Leukemia; in Greek leukos λευκός, "white"; AIMA αίμα, "blood"), ormore commonly known as blood cancer is a disease in cancerclassification (medical term: neoplasm) in the blood or bonemarrow characterized by the abnormal or malignant transformationof blood-forming cells in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues,generally occurs in leukocytes (white blood cells). Normal cells in the bone marrow was replaced by normal or abnormal cells. Theseabnormal cells out of the marrow and can be found in the peripheral blood or peripheral blood. Hematopoiesis or leukemia cells affectthe formation of normal blood cells and immune patients.

The word leukemia means white blood, because the people found a lot of white blood cells before therapy was given. White blood cellsare cells that look much younger, for example promielosit. Thisraised the amount that can disrupt the normal function of other cells.

In 2000, there were approximately 256 000 children and adults worldwide suffer from a kind of leukemia, and 209.000 of them die from the disease, nearly 90% of all diagnosed patients are adults.

ClassificationLeukemia can be classified on the basis of:Natural history of disease: acute and chronicAcute leukemia is characterized by a very rapid course of the disease, lethal, and worse. If not treated promptly, the patient may die in a matter of weeks to days. While the course of the disease have chronic leukemia is not so fast that it has a longer life expectancy, up to more than 1 year even reached 5 years.Predominant cell type involved: lymphoid and myeloidThen, the disease is classified by type of cells found in peripheral blood preparations.# When leukemia affects lymphocytes or lymphoid cells, it is called lymphocytic leukemia.# When leukemia affects myeloid cells such as neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, it is called leukemia mielositik.The number of leukocytes in the blood- Leukemia leukemik, when the number of leukocytes in the blood more than normal, there are abnormal cells- Leukemia subleukemik, when the number of leukocytes in the blood less than normal, there are abnormal cells- Leukemia aleukemik, when the number of leukocytes in the blood less than normal, there are no abnormal cells

The prevalence of four major typesBy combining the first two classifications, the leukemia can be divided into:Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in children. The disease is also present in adults who primarily have been aged 65 years or moreMielositik acute leukemia (LMA) is more common in adults than children was formerly called anak.Tipe nonlimfositik acute leukemia.Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (LLK) often affects adults over the age of 55 years. Sometimes it also affects young adults, and almost none on childrenMielositik chronic leukemia (CML) often occurs in adults. Can also occur in children, but very littleType that often affects adults is LMA and LLK, while the LLA often occurs in children.

Pathogenesis

Acute and chronic leukemia is a form of malignancy or malignantclonal propagation that arise from the cells forming the blood cellsthat are not controlled. Normal cellular control mechanisms may notwork properly due to a change in the genetic code that should beresponsible for the regulation and differentiation of cells pertubuhan.
Leukemia cells undergo a recycling time is slower than normal cells.Ripening or maturation process is incomplete and slow walk and last longer than a normal cell type.

Etiology

The cause of leukemia is not known with certainty, but it is known thatseveral factors can affect the frequency of leukemia, such as:

Radiation
Radiation can increase the frequency of LMA and LMA. There are noreports about the relationship between radiation with LLK. Severalreports that support:
♥The radiology staff more often suffer from leukemia
♥Patients with radiotherapy more often suffer from leukemia
♥Leukemia incidence was found in atomic bomb survivors of  Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan

Factors leukemogenik
There are some chemicals that have been identified to affect the frequency of leukemia:

• Environmental toxins such as benzene

• Industrial chemicals such as insecticides

• Drugs for chemotherapyEpidemiology

• In Africa, 10-20% of patients had LMA kloroma around the eye orbit

• In Kenya, China, and India, LMK on patients aged 20-40 years

• At the East Asia and East India LLK rare.

Hereditary
People with Down syndrome have an incidence of acute leukemia 20times greater than normal people.

 Virus

Viruses such as retroviruses can cause leukemia, feline leukemiavirus, HTLV-1 in adults.

Acute leukemia
Clinical manifestations
Manifestations of acute leukemia is the result of complications that occur in hematopoietic neoplasms in general. But each has his trademark acute leukemia respectively. Broadly speaking, acuteleukemia has 3 main signs are:

1. The number of cells in the periphery is very high, resulting in tissueinfiltration or leukostasis
2. Replacement of normal bone marrow elements which can result incomplications as a result of anemia, thrombocytopenia, andleukopenia
3. Physiologic factors that lead to spending a significant complicationDiagnostic tool

Acute leukemia can be diagnosed through several tools, such as:

• Examination of morphology: peripheral blood, bone marrowaspiration, bone marrow biopsy

• cytochemical staining

• Immunofenotipe

• cytogenetics

• molecular diagnostics

Klasifikasi dan bahan-bahan eksternal
Sediaan sumsum tulang dengan pewarnaan Wright. Sediaan menujukkan leukemia limfoblastik akut prekursor sel-B.